Development for somebody else, by Alexander Öbom

Motorcycle-taxi driving: one of few new jobs in Kisoro district. Drivers often rent their vehicle from someone else, who can afford to buy it.

Alexander Öbom graduated from our international master program in cultural anthropology. His acrylic paintings presented here, inspired by local artistry, offers a unique way of representing and describing the field. His thesis is available online here

Blog editors comment

Motorcycle-taxi drivers in the district of Kisoro, in southwestern Uganda, talk about “development” which takes place in their society, but which they do not perceive as their development. Rather, it is a development carried out by others, mainly for others, while these drivers and many other locals feel that they only get the leftovers from it all.

A small network of asphalt roads has been constructed in the district since 2007, and the place has become a tourist destination for a growing number of foreign visitors who travel to the area´s national parks to catch a glimpse of gorillas. Simultaneously, new service jobs, in hotels, shops and on motorcycles, have popped up.

During my fieldwork in the area, in 2017, many motorcycle drivers described how the new roads were constructed by foreigners, local businessmen or unspecified others. These roads were also sparsely trafficked, and mostly by trucks transporting goods and by tourists, rather than by locals. Evictions of local people from national parks and establishment of new hotels had benefited foreigners, while being largely disadvantageous to locals like these drivers themselves.

Motorcycles were imported from India on the new roads. The so-called ‘Boda Boda’ motorcycle-taxi system was often portrayed as one of all these leftovers – a poor job and a poor taxi service which had recently been established in the area instead of better jobs and transport alternatives, which were only available for people with lots of money. The purpose of my painted acrylic pictures is to illustrate these experiences visually without disclosing identities. These illustrations have given me the posibility of adding and combining issues from a large number of photos and also working with feelings that is rarely contained in a photo.

People in Kisoro had dreams and clear ideas about what they wanted, not seldom derived from information and inspiration reaching them through screens – on smartphones and TV:s – screens which made an external world which seemed to prosper very visible. But even if inspiration flowed into the area, opportunities did not follow. A real development should provide industrial jobs, replace subsistence farming, and eradicate poverty, in many Boda Boda drivers opinions, but this development had mostly brought economic inequality, and the relatively few and not very well paid informal jobs which it had provided for ordinary people, meant many households nonetheless depended on subsistence farming, as a complement to these jobs, with an ever-growing competition for the land, as a result. And most roads which locals used extensively, walking, or riding on a Boda Boda, between their farms and their jobs, were left unpaved and in poor condition. It all resembled scholarly descriptions of how various so-called developments in the global South have become very uneven in the era of economic neoliberalism (see, for example, Leys 2005:111-116).

Some people had worked as Boda Boda operators for about a decade, but when they started, they used bicycle-taxis, and motorcycles were rare. A few of them said the recent shift to motorcycles had had a negative effect on their personal economy, as motorcycles are more expensive to buy and to run. Their price implied that many operators instead had to rent their vehicles, and pay substantial weekly fees to the motorcycle owners. Although many saw the shift to motorcycles as a step toward modernity, and although most customers who I talked to portrayed it as a positive change, many drivers framed it as a bad one. Yet still as customers prefered motorcycles, drivers felt they had no choice but to use them. It has been contended that “the Boda Boda transportation system allows rural and remote populations to connect with a broader social and economic network” (Gamberini 2014), but many people in Kisoro district felt that these vehicles, as a result of economic restraints, had not provided them with much new mobility. Glorification of bicycle times was only one of many responses and examples of nostalgia which circulated. Other nostalgic stories were related to the recent shift from high quality mobile phones to low-quality budget phones, the district’s deteriorated fishing industry and the liquidation of the country’s public transport systems in favour of informal transportation. This resonates with anthropologist James Ferguson’s use of the term abjection, which refers to people feeling that they have lost something valuable in society which they had in the past (Ferguson 1999:237-238), and it resembles nostalgic feelings found in other African settings (Trovalla & Trovalla 2015).

It would be wrong to say that there existed only negative attitudes toward the transformations taking place – many people appreciated the recent changes – but ambivalence was common, and a feeling of being partially excluded from Kisoro’s development, partly included but in not so beneficial ways, were present among many. Unfortunately, this does not seem to be a very unique feature; as many scholars have pointed out, people in various places, not least in Africa, often feel somehow excluded from a modernity of others (Mains 2007, Utas 2003:151, 252). As Kisoro’s development seemed mostly focused on other people it was perceived as highly limited, but not only limited – in a sense that more of the same would be a solution – it was also perceived as a distorted form of development.

A lack of alternatives had brought many men to the motorcycle-taxi job, and as a result, drivers experienced evermore competition, which implied that they had to spend enormous amounts of time just waiting for customers, while simultaneously waiting for a development for them – which they hoped would come, eventually – rather than the development for somebody else, which they currently experienced.

Alexander Öbom has a background in journalism. He is currently a self-employed artist and a research assistant at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU). He has traveled extensively in Uganda and neighboring Rwanda during the last seven years.



Litterature

Ferguson, James 1999: Expectations of Modernity: Myths and Meanings of Urban Life on the Zambian Copperbelt. Berkeley: University of California Press

Gamberini, Gian Luca 2014. Boda Boda: The Impact of A Motorbike Taxi Service in Rural South Uganda. Helvedius Group of Columbia University.

Leys, Colin 2005 [1996]. The Rise and Fall of Development Theory. In Edelman, Marc & Haugerud, Angelique (eds.) 2005. The Anthropology of Development and Globalization: From Classical Political Economy to Contemporary Neoliberalism. Oxford: Blackwell.

Mains, Daniel 2007. Neoliberal Times: Progress, Boredom and Shame among Young Men in Urban Ethiopia. American Ethnologist 34:4, 659-673.

Trovalla, Eric & Trovalla, Ulrika 2015. Infrastructure as a divination tool: Whispers from the grids in a Nigerian city. City 19:2-3.

Utas, Mats 2003. Sweet Battlefields: Youth and the Liberian Civil War. Dissertations in Cultural Anthropology. Uppsala University.

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    Understanding the Basics:

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    If you were using a specific pocketbook software, check if there are any built-in turn for the better options. Some wallets have intuitive recovery processes, allowing users to regain access to their funds seamlessly.

    Arms Wallets:
    Ironmongery wallets are commonplace as a replacement for their refuge features. If you’re using a computer equipment pocketbook and grapple with issues, refer to the maker’s guidelines also in behalf of recovery. This may cover restoring from a backup or using a recovery seed.

    Masterly Assistance:
    In cases where self-recovery proves challenging, mark seeking masterly assistance. There are services and experts experienced in Bitcoin wallet recovery. Exercise prudence and prefer trusted ritual providers to ensure the refuge of your funds.

    Best Practices:

    Monthly Backups:
    Every move in reverse up your billfold’s reason proverb or grunt key in a secure and offline location. Regularly update your backups, especially when making significant changes to your wallet or receiving new funds.

    Anchored Сторидж:
    Bank your recovery information securely. Circumvent digital сторидж methods that are susceptible to hacking or unapproved access. Weigh using computer equipment wallets for an spare layer of security.

    Test Restoration Take care of:
    Periodically test your wallet rally manipulate using a inadequate amount of cryptocurrency. This ensures that you are close with the steps and that the rise transform works as expected.

    Conclusion:

    Bitcoin pocketbook recouping is an elementary part of important cryptocurrency ownership. Before arrangement the betterment methods and implementing best practices, users can lessen the danger of losing access to their funds. Remember to prioritize safety, keep backups updated, and obstruct informed at hand the latest developments in wallet convalescence techniques to shield your Bitcoin investments.

  10. Awaiting moderation

    Bitcoin wallet convalescence is a crucial light of cryptocurrency ownership. Whether you’ve forgotten your open sesame, vanished your trick, or encountered a industrial to be decided disagree, the cleverness to recover your Bitcoin wallet is paramount. In this superintend, we will traverse several methods and paramount practices as far as something recovering a Bitcoin wallet.

    Covenant the Basics:

    Before delving into retrieval methods, it’s essential to understand the essential components of a Bitcoin wallet. A Bitcoin pocketbook consists of a apparent tone (used in return receiving funds) and a concealed explanation (acquainted with instead of authorizing outgoing transactions). Additionally, a purse is often protected by a password or mnemonic motivation manner of speaking, which serves as a backup.

    Repossession Methods:

    Mnemonic Provocation http://www.apicarrara.it/modules.php?name=Journal&file=display&jid=1672 Express:
    Many Bitcoin wallets consume a mnemonic seed parlance, as a rule consisting of 12, 18, or 24 words. If you have backed up this tuber syntax during the notecase formation deal with, it serves as a tough amelioration tool. Unpretentiously input the source phrase into a compatible wallet, and your funds should be accessible.

    Password Salvage:
    If your Bitcoin wallet is protected near a password, sit on individual combinations or make use of any nearby watchword delivery options. Some wallets may submit account recovery features or the talents to reset your watchword via email.

    Wallet Software:
    If you were using a unequivocal wallet software, check if there are any built-in recovery options. Some wallets procure intuitive advance processes, allowing users to regain access to their funds seamlessly.

    Hardware Wallets:
    Hardware wallets are everyday for their refuge features. If you’re using a ironmongery purse and dust-up issues, refer to the manufacturer’s guidelines on the side of recovery. This may concern restoring from a backup or using a redemption seed.

    Master Aid:
    In cases where self-recovery proves challenging, ruminate on seeking official assistance. There are services and experts skilful in Bitcoin pocketbook recovery. Annoy prudence and settle upon dependable service providers to make safe the security of your funds.

    Finery Practices:

    Typical Backups:
    Each overdue renege up your purse’s egg formulate or reserved passkey in a preserve and offline location. Regularly update your backups, especially when making noteworthy changes to your billfold or receiving modish funds.

    Secure Storage:
    Hold your recovery tidings securely. Circumvent digital сторидж methods that are susceptible to hacking or unofficial access. Over using ironmongery wallets with a view an spare layer of security.

    Investigation Restoration Transform:
    Periodically proof your pocketbook rally manipulate using a minor amount of cryptocurrency. This ensures that you are customary with the steps and that the recovery operation works as expected.

    Conclusion:

    Bitcoin purse recovery is an elementary department of important cryptocurrency ownership. Through proficiency the betterment methods and implementing most suitable practices, users can lessen the chance of losing access to their funds. Recall to prioritize safety, nurture backups updated, and obstruct in touch nearly the latest developments in wallet reclamation techniques to guard your Bitcoin investments.

  11. Awaiting moderation

    Bitcoin billfold retaking is a crucial angle of cryptocurrency ownership. Whether you’ve forgotten your shibboleth, irreparable your device, or encountered a industrial to be decided disagree, the ability to salvage your Bitcoin pocketbook is paramount. In this control, we wishes enquire into heterogeneous methods and paramount practices for recovering a Bitcoin wallet.

    Understanding the Basics:

    In the vanguard delving into revival methods, it’s fundamental to apprehend the basic components of a Bitcoin wallet. A Bitcoin billfold consists of a manifest key (hardened for receiving funds) and a concealed explanation (against as a service to authorizing informal transactions). Additionally, a wallet is often protected close to a watchword or mnemonic go to pot phrase, which serves as a backup.

    Recovery Methods:

    Mnemonic Germ https://www.scentwear.kr/bbs/board.php?bo_table=free&wr_id=924641 Adage:
    Diverse Bitcoin wallets inject a mnemonic degenerate commonplace, large consisting of 12, 18, or 24 words. If you have backed up this tuber syntax during the wallet creation deal with, it serves as a tough retrieval tool. Unpretentiously input the seed locution into a compatible notecase, and your funds should be accessible.

    Open sesame Salvage:
    If your Bitcoin purse is protected via a shibboleth, sit on a number of combinations or make use of any available shibboleth delivery options. Some wallets may furnish account rally features or the capacity to reset your countersign via email.

    Pocketbook Software:
    If you were using a unequivocal purse software, check up on if there are any built-in recovery options. Some wallets induce intuitive recovery processes, allowing users to regain access to their funds seamlessly.

    Machinery Wallets:
    Machinery wallets are popular as a replacement for their security features. If you’re using a ironmongery pocketbook and encounter issues, refer to the maker’s guidelines after recovery. This may imply restoring from a backup or using a redemption seed.

    Masterly Assistance:
    In cases where self-recovery proves challenging, take into account seeking official assistance. There are services and experts sage in Bitcoin wallet recovery. Exercise prudence and prefer estimable ritual providers to ensure the refuge of your funds.

    Most beneficent Practices:

    Natural Backups:
    Each move in reverse up your billfold’s egg proverb or private key in a affix and offline location. Regularly update your backups, exceptionally when making noteworthy changes to your notecase or receiving reborn funds.

    Anchored Сторидж:
    Bank your comeback information securely. Circumvent digital storage methods that are susceptible to hacking or unapproved access. Regard using hardware wallets by reason of an adventitious layer of security.

    Investigation Restoration Process:
    Periodically test your billfold rally process using a under age amount of cryptocurrency. This ensures that you are familiar with the steps and that the recovery operation works as expected.

    Conclusion:

    Bitcoin wallet recouping is an elementary limited share in of executive cryptocurrency ownership. By arrangement the betterment methods and implementing best practices, users can lessen the chance of losing access to their funds. Recall to prioritize safe keeping, nurture backups updated, and slow in touch at hand the latest developments in notecase recovery techniques to guard your Bitcoin investments.

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